Motivated by applications Essay Example for Free

Motivated by applications Essay Until the last century, mathematics was always motivated by applications (Kline, 1973: iv); it took humanity an enormous time span to reach the abstraction capacity necessary to become interested in ‘pure’ mathematics. It follows that children take some time to reach the necessary mental maturity to deal with the formalism and type of thinking involved in abstracts and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in many countries, 21 (the end of this 7-year period) is the age for a young person to become legally responsible. It is a recognition, that only at this age are all human capacities fully available, and the individual is able to control and be totally responsible for his or her actions (Steiner, 1982; Talbot, 1995 and Bronfenbrenner, 1995). In conclusion, this paper supported my aim to prove that the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. The first argument I presented to support my aim is that computer technology is ecological and like all technology may have long reaching effects on children’s emotional, psychological, spiritual, moral and social sensibilities. Fostering a mechanical, rational view of social relationships. Secondly, I argued that a computer is a tool, and to be effective it is necessary children understand what it is and how it works. Just as a childs physical development is stunted when muscles are not exercised, the development of disciplined thinking is stunted when the computer relieves the child of the responsibility for planning and organizing his/her thoughts before expressing them. It should be kept in mind that tools designed to aid the mature mind may hinder the maturation of the developing mind. Thirdly, I supported my aim by arguing that computers work with an extremely restricted class of children’s thoughts. It was demonstrated that early computer use and an emphasis on computer like thinking, is leading childrens development to be dominated by the rigid, logical, algorithmic thinking, that is characteristic of computer interaction. This accelerated, but isolated intellectual development, brings a childs mental abilities to an adult level long before they have grown strong enough to restrain it and give it humane direction. The fourth argument presented to support my aim was, that how computers are used in education is detrimental to children’s development. Children need time for active, physical play; hands-on lessons of all kinds, especially in the arts; and direct experience of the natural world. The prevalent emphasis on technology is diverting us from the urgent social and liberal educational needs of children. A proper education requires attention to students from good teachers and active parents. It requires commitment to developmentally appropriate education and attention to the full range of childrens needs; physical, emotional, and social, as well as cognitive. Finally and most importantly I demonstrated that developmental stages in children are not compatible with computer use. Combining Steiner, Bloom and Krathwohl developmental concepts with the fact that computers are mathematical tools, forcing a purely abstract and mathematical type of thinking as well as use of symbolic formal language. Applying these concepts and properties of computers to proper educational goals we may surmise that they are unsuitable for extensive use by children in any form before approximately age 15, or high school. Convincing arguments have been presented to prove the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. Bibliography: Bloom, B. and D. Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay, 1956. Bronfenbrenner, U. Developmental Ecology Through Time and Space: A Future Perspective in Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development, (Moen, Elder and Luscher [Ed.]). Washington: American Psychology Association, 1995. Bowers, C. A. The Cultural Dimensions of Educational Computing Understanding the Non-neutrality of Technology. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988 Coon, D. Essentials of Psychology: Exploration and Application (8th edition). USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 1999 Craig, G. , M. Kermis and N. Digdon. Children Today (2nd edition). Toronto: Prentice Hall. 2001 Kline, M. Why Johnny Cant Add the Failure of New Math. New York: St. Martins, 1973.

English Macbeth :: essays research papers

To What Extent is Macbeth pushed into killing king Duncan? Numerous people and factors push Macbeth into killing the king. The main factors are:  Lady Macbeth  The Witches and Fate  King Duncan  Banquo  Himself (Macbeth) I start with probably the most influential character upon Macbeth, his wife, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth believes what the witches have said and therefore believes that she will become the queen. ‘Have I thought good to deliver thee’ She obviously has a great ambition and will do almost anything to fulfil her ambition. This shows a great evilness in her ‘And dashed the brains out’ She is also reluctant to accept Macbeths original thought of leaving the idea alone ‘What beast was’t then that made you break this enterprise to me’ She appears supremely confident about murdering Duncan even though Macbeth is not which also shows of her great ambition to succeed and become queen of Scotland. ‘We Fail? … But screw your courage… and we’ll not fail’ Lady Macbeth plans the murder from a very early stage even when Macbeth is unsure of what he is to do ‘When Duncan is asleep… his spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt of our great quell? Overall Lady Macbeths ambition, confidence and naivete is perhaps the major factor in pushing Macbeth into the murder of Duncan. She does not think of the consequences of the murder so she is 100% behind Macbeth killing Macbeth, which makes it difficult for Macbeth to go against her. Another factor is Banquo. The fact that Banquo knows of what the ‘imperfect speakers’ said is a major factor pushing Macbeth away from killing the King. If the King were to be murdered Banquo would be suspicious and would most likely suspect Macbeth of doing the evil deed of killing the king. This would obviously put Macbeth off. Another factor is that of the Witches. Without them Macbeth would most likely not think twice about killing the king. ‘All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king thereafter’ If someone were to just tell him this he would most likely not believe it but it was the fact that the witches had forecasted that he would be Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis correctly. The witches forced him to think about being king but at first he expected to be made king without doing anything for it but he then realises there is only one way, to kill the king. This encounter with the witches has put him in two minds.

Harry Frankfurt

Harry Frankfurt defined the principle of alternate possibilities ( PAP ): A person is morally responsible for his actions if he couldn t have done otherwise . And he argued as follows 1) ( PAP) is true 2) determinism : every event must be the way it is and we couldn t do otherwise is also true Conclusion: ( PAP ) and determinism are not compatible This argument is a valid argument but it is not a sound one because the author doesnot agree with the conclusion of the argument and since it is a valid argument so he decides that one of the premises is false and doubts the first premise . By giving us an example he will try to convince us that the (PAP) is false . He states that Jones does action (A) and that Black is some kind of manipulator that has the ability to manipulate Jones so he can inhibit Jones from performing actions other than (A) without Jones knowing that black exists . Black will manipulate only if Jones is going to decide to do otherwise , so we conclude that Jones couldn t have done otherwise because of Black , nevertheless Jones is morally responsible for action (A) because he did all on his own without the interference of Black. This example contradicts with definition of (PAP) . because jones is morally responsible even though he couldn t have done otherwise. Moreover I think it is wise to add an argument here : 1)Jones is morally responsible for his action (A) )Jones couldn t have done otherwise ( in other words his actions are determined ) We conclude that moral responsibility is compatible with determinisim . One thing that I noticed from the example is that black s duty or job is to block or inhibit jones choices of actions other than action (A) . therefore the author admits that there are other choices of actions ( possible alternatives ) than action (A) , so possible alternatives is true but we have to find the right definition and appli cation for it . Words : 356?

Anatomy Of The Human Body - 1334 Words

Introduction:- Human physiology studies the physical and biochemical processes that support the body s function while anatomy studies the structures of the human body. Anatomy is divided into two parts which are histology: this is the atomic study of tissues and Cytology is the atomic study of cells. This unit focuses on both the anatomic feature this involves the morphology and forms of the part of the body and physiological features of the human body this involves the function of the part of the body on a regular basis. Anatomy of the human body allows us to know how different systems in the body functions and how they interrelate with one and other in order for the body to achieve homeostasis (Marieb, 2007). The human body comprises†¦show more content†¦Other organs included in the digestive system are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus. Digestive system allows the body break down food into different essential nutrients to be d igested. This happens when transformation of vital nutrients and energy that are the important source for nourishing the body and its related functions. (Inner Body, 2016). Stages of digestion involves Ingestion which is the first stage where food intake takes place via the mouth. Then Secretion is when these fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile. Swallowing. This process involves smooth and skeletal muscles in the mouth, tongue, and pharynx to shove food out of the mouth via the pharynx into the esophagus. 3 Respiratory system: It consist of three main parts which are the airway, the lungs, and the muscles. The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The oxygen passes via the lung into the body and carbon dioxide exit the body. Muscles includes the diaphragm and intercostals muscles. The function of respiratory system is for Gaseous exchange to occur between the human body and the environments by which inhaling of Oxygen from air and exhaling Carbon-Dioxide and water are released into the atmosphere (Agostoni, 1964) 4. Cardiovascular system: Also called the circulatory system andShow MoreRelatedThe Anatomy And Physiology Of The Human Body1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe anatomy and physiology of the human body is extremely complex in many different aspects. Scientifically, the human body is organized from simple to complex. The organization sequence begins with diminutive cells and finishes with multiplex organ systems. All people are typically organized in the same fashion. However, psychologically all people do not process information the same way. People have a myriad of motives for the actions they take in life. For instance, a person may be motivated orRead MoreThe Anatomy And Physiology Of The Human Body3295 Words   |  14 PagesThe human body is a very complex organism composed of many systems. Each system in the human body has a specific function, and without any of these systems working properly life can be challenging. As a result, it is important to know and understand the anatom y and physiology of the human body. Many changes in the human body can have positive or negative effects on the overall health. The lifestyle of a person including diet, age, gender, level of activity and more can influence someone’s overallRead MoreAnatomy Intorduction to the Human Body Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY I WORKSHEET I Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport Structure of the Plasma Membrane 1. Why do you think it is important to have a membrane surrounding each of our trillions of cells? Expect varying answers, but the idea is have the students understand the plasma membrane separates the cells from their environment and each other while also regulating the material within each cell. 2. What are two distinctive physical features of phospholipids? Heads are polar (water solubleRead MoreHuman Anatomy And The Physiology Of The Body At The Molecular Scale894 Words   |  4 Pagesstrike me as the obvious choice until high school. Being a recreational gymnast for most of my life, I have always been fascinated with human anatomy. However, I discovered my interest in science after taking an advanced biology class with a dissection component which made me awestruck, appreciate the anatomy and made me want to study the physiology of the body at the molecular scale. Dissections demanded a precision which enticed the artist in me. While still in high school in India, I discoveredR ead MoreThe Foundation of Understanding Human Anatomy During Renaissance Period990 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding in anatomy and physiology today will be deadened without the knowledge from the Renaissance period. Let take a short step to look at what is Renaissance? Based historian, Renaissance means rebirth because â€Å"it [is] believed that the human spirit [has] to be reawakened as it [is] in the classical (Greco-Roman) times† (). During this time, the new conception of human emerges as individualism which means a man can create his own destiny, and humanism in which â€Å"humans are the center ofRead MoreThe Clay Learning System-Maniken in My Anatomy and Phisiology Class971 Words   |  4 Pagesx In terms of students impacted, I have at least 90 student each year that take Anatomy and Physiology. Every student would use the equipment and materials regardless if they were special education or gifted. My Anatomy and Physiology classes have every academic level represented, and all of these students will have access to the equipment and activities. I could also use the Clay Learning System/Maniken in my AP Biology course when it comes to the Animal System Unit. Additionally, I have a largeRead MoreThe Importance Of Humanism And Leonardo Da Vinci1114 Words   |  5 Pagesso many different disciplines. â€Å"Although Leonardo da Vinci endures as the quintessential polymath, the epitome of the â€Å"Renaissance Man† dabbling in a wide array of disciplines — art, architecture, cartography, mathematics, literature, engineering, anatomy, geology, music, sculpture, botany — his interest in science was anything but cursory or amateurish.† (brainpickings.org). He wanted to create new machines for a new world. He wanted to create better conditions for people. He applied his drawing andRead MoreThe Anatomist : By Bill Hayes- Book Review Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesJillian Spence Period D Human Anatomy- Physiology Mrs. Rich The Anatomist: by Bill Hayes— Book Review Why is Gray’s Anatomy considered a turning point in medical history? Explain. (3 examples) Gray’s anatomy is considered a turning point in medical history. As a first example, the detailed pictures that Hayes discoveries in this more than a thousand-paged book is incredible. These pictures that Hayes initially used to identify body parts catches his eye in more ways than one, andRead MoreRenaissance Anatomy And Dissection825 Words   |  4 Pageseverywhere in Europe; this curiosity included fascination with the human body and new research. Dissection gained popularity and importance during the Renaissance, which led to body snatching becoming common; both of these activities gave way to new advancements. Dissection of human bodies became popular during the Renaissance time as people started to redraw and disprove previous beliefs about human anatomy. Interest in anatomy grew for artistic and medical purposes. Artists such as Raphael andRead MoreLeonardo Davincis Accomplishments in Anatomy1066 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of topics in his arsenal of knowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it during his lifetime. Today-more than five hundred years after it was created, there is probably no more recognizable drawing of the human body than Leonardos Vitruvian Man. Vitruvian Man

Functionalism And Its Impact On Society - 1119 Words

In this paper I will explain and argue for Functionalism. Functionalism allows for a scientific approach to the mind-body problem, while maintaining the integrity of mental and physical states and attributing them to the functional roles they play within the bodily system. The main argument for Functionalism is founded on the basis that it fulfills all of the requirements for an effective form of Physicalism. 1. In order for a physicalist argument to be effective: it must account for mental states being defined by their role; allow for mental and functional types to be defined circularly/holistically; and allow mental states to be realized in a multitude of outcomes. Functionalism sufficiently ensures all of these predicates. Functionalism is an adequate form of physicalism. Like other arguments for physicalism, functionalism is based on the notion that everything that exists in reality is physical in form. One of the main distinctions that makes the functionalist approach unique is its method of defining objects. For example, many simple things are defined by what they’re made of, such as gold is simply Au. However more complex things are defined in terms of what their functions are. A heart is defined as an object that pumps blood around an organism’s body, regardless of what it is made of. We cannot define a heart as â€Å"something that is made of organic cardiac muscle, has valves, contracts, etc.† because theoretically, those components could be slapped togetherShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society983 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough functionalism is the more popular perspective, it is not flawless. There are conflicts of interest about the relations between the school and society. The main problem with functionalism is that it tends to emphasize the social needs of society over the individual’s need. Robert Merton, a critic of functionalism comments that â€Å"because many functionalisms have assumed that every social practice and institution must be understood in terms of its adaptive function for the society as a wholeRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesFUNCTIONALISM Functionalism is a theory that aspect stresses the crucial stability and participation within modern society. The social events are clarified by reference to the functions that achieves in allowing constancy within society. The society is related to biological organism in that the whole is seen to be made up of interdependent and unified parts, this assimilation is the result of a general agreement on core values and norms. Over the process of socialisation, we can learn these rulesRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stricter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The worl d works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreSociological Theories and Family Essay examples1662 Words   |  7 Pagestheories are important in understanding how the society operates. In addition, the theories help one understand how people in society relate with each other. The theories have helped understand various social issues in the society and made it easy to develop solutions to the problems. There are different theories that are used to explain how the society operates and how people interact with each other. Examples of the theories include functionalism theories and conflict theory, and interactionismRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. TheyRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pageson how the individual interacts with others, and how others influence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated parts, it’s a social system not just an individual. Each frame work playsRead MoreFunctionalism Vs. Conflict Theory1349 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism vs. Conflict Theory There are four known sociological theories and or theoretical perspective, and they are structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminism. These theories explain various aspects of social life through different perspective (OpenStax College 17). Some of the theories might view social life in a micro perspective, macro perspective or even both and each view might be completely opposing to each other, but it also has its pros and consRead MoreDiscuss the Structural (Ist) Functionalist Perspective in Sociology. (Your Answer Should Focus on the Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalist and Marxist Perspectives)1206 Words   |  5 Pagesimmensely to the structure of society and the understanding of human behaviour in society. It is a based on an analogy between social systems and organic systems and has identified numerous ways which state why social institutions are so important to maintaining order and equilibrium in society. Marxism has also made a val uable impact on the study sociology by emphasising on the nature of conflict present in society and the subsequent impact on individuals. Functionalism, also known as the consensusRead MoreCompare and Contrast of 3 Sociology Theories1162 Words   |  5 PagesSociology is the study of society. Through the centuries, sociologists have tried to provide an explanation as to why and how humans interact with each other on a social basis. Sociologists have divided sociology into two levels, microsociology and macrosociology (Sociology). The level of microsociology studies is on a smaller perspective, as macrosociology is the study of society on a larger analysis. Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict. â€Å"SymbolicRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of An Individual And Their Own Behaviour And The Society1126 Words   |  5 PagesIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES   Sociology studies the lives of an individual and their own behaviour and the society they live in (A. Giddens 2006). There are theoretical perspectives used so that one understands an individual behaviour and the society they live in. The sociological perspectives study each behaviour and how it is linked to the whole society or how the society influence the individual rather. The society is a diverse body and different perspectives is used to understand how they are linked and functioned

English Research Paper - 1622 Words

â€Å"Death in Everyman† Research Paper ENG102_D27: Literature Fall D 2010 Peggy Jean English, ID#3591339 APA Format Title: â€Å"Death in Everyman† Thesis Statement: The message of death in Everyman is associated with the search of the reasoning of life. Outline: Paragraph 1: Introduction and Thesis Statement Paragraphs 2-13: Explains the play, its characters, the author’s interpretation of the play, and the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death. Paragraph 14: Conclusion This paper indentifies the perception of death and the treatment of death of the anonymously written play, Everyman. This play, written in the 15th century, is used as a spiritual message to man from God. The message of death in†¦show more content†¦Through Everyman’s better understandings of these misconceptions in life, he finds the courage and wisdom to not be afraid in the face of death. Everyman eventually realized to have the gift of arriving at God’s paradise, he had to correct his own faults, and while doing so not to rely on anyone else. Everyman’s perception of death changes during the play. In the first scene Everyman is afraid of death. He over analyzes the corrections he needs to make in his life. However, by the end of the play, he leaves Earth with a better heart and heads to God’s paradise, known as heaven. Inner transformation, occurring with the protagonist, becomes impossible because Everyman knows his life is in the face of Death. Throughout the play, the author has Everyman’s friends offer him succor while death is knocking at his door. Having said that, this calls attention to the abandonment of the actions he found to be good in life. Towards the end of the play however, they cannot help him, since he is already heading towards death. Most of the play focuses on the characters, or â€Å"traits†, that cannot be of assistance to Everyman. By â€Å"traits† I mean what each character represents. Everyman is the obvious choice of character to represent every man here on Earth. In doing so, the author obviously wanted a story that the audience members could relate to. As for the other characters,Show MoreRelatedNarcotics - Research Paper in English1059 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"NARCOTICS† Research Paper In English IV Prepared and Submitted by: Adrian R. Rosasià ±a Submitted to: Mrs. Felonila Cortado OUTLINE Narcotics Thesis Statement: Narcotics have valuable medical uses, however, illegal and excessive use of narcotics can endanger people’s lives because of its damaging effects on the mind and body. I. Narcotics Education A. Narcotics B. Kinds of Narcotics C. Characteristics and Medical Uses II. Narcotics Abuse A. CausesRead MoreLearning English For A Long Time949 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Essay I have been studying and learning English for a long time. Obviously, it is true to say that I have a strong passion for learning English. Therefore, I am willing to do and try anything as it helps me to improve my English skills. Fortunately, I took this English 908 class and met Professor Lang who always sympathizes with his students and devotes his time and knowledge to help them produce the highest quality work. This class offered me the ability to be aware of my personalRead MoreReflection Of My English 1102 Course932 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of my English 1102 course throughout the semester I learned many new things from English 1102 class. It was not much fun but I learned some interesting things. For my research, I needed a topic that interests me. I first started to search topics from the chemistry field. I could not find any interesting topics then I came across an article that talks about how robots will take our jobs and every one would be jobless. After reading that article, I was really convinced that robots were badRead MoreQualitative Research Methods986 Words   |  4 Pagescollection, and field notes. Each interview took around sixty minutes. The survey was used to understand respondents’ general education background and select suitable participants for the further qualitative data collection. Interviews asked their English and academic learning situations in Taiwan, the processes of studying in graduate programs, present doctoral learning situations, in and out of class academic (writing) activities, academic (writing) challenges they encountered du ring their academicRead MoreAs my freshman year of college comes to a close, I reflect on my two English courses this year. I600 Words   |  3 Pagesreflect on my two English courses this year. I have learned a lot these last two semester in my english 101 and 102 classes. English 101 focused a lot on different types of papers, while English 102 focused mainly on taking what we learned from a reading and analysing and interpreting of stories and poems we read. Looking back at my high school English days, I believe I had made major improvements in my writing abilities between these two semesters. Personally, I favorited my English 101 class. TheRead MoreThe Course Of English 102 With Professor Lyn Has Negatively My Growth As A Writer And Thinker1007 Words   |  5 Pages The overall course of English 102 with Professor Lyn has impacted my writing and me as an individual. Not only did the course help me improve my writing, but it helped me think of the ideas and norms that we ascribe to in the world as more complex. This portfolio shows how some of the learning objectives of English 102 reflects my growth as a writer and thinker. The papers that are included in this portfolio demonstrate my mastery of the learning objectives of this course. 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The new educational ideals have been developed and put in place to help teachers accomplish the task of content evaluationRead MoreMy Day Of High School886 Words   |  4 Pageschallenging year of English yet, which is fitting because it culminates my last year of high school. In fact, I am writing this piece on my last day of high school. This is one of the last English classes I will ever take. I am not planning on majoring in English in college but I have truly learned to see the beauty of language I use every single day. It may sound clichà ©, but there is nothing more fulfilling than being able to express myself on paper. Thirteen years of English class (twelve excluding

Malaysian Legal System free essay sample

Model Answer 1 Every citizen is protected under the Federal Constitution which entrenches certain ‘fundamental liberties’. In this context, explain what is meant by ‘fundamental liberties’ and state the main liberties so entrenched in the Federal Constitution. (10 marks) (This question tests the candidates’ knowledge on ‘fundamental liberties’ as provided for in the Federal Constitution. ) The phrase, ‘Fundamental Liberties’, refers to certain rights, which may be considered as basic and essential to ensure the freedom of the individual.These rights are stated in the Federal Constitution and are said to be entrenched or enshrined because these rights cannot be altered or taken away altogether unless the Constitution itself is amended. This would be quite difficult as it requires a majority of two thirds of all the members of Parliament. The main liberties so entrenched in the Federal Constitution are as follows: 1. No person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysian Legal System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means that the individual cannot be unlawfully imprisoned or put to death. Where the individual is unlawfully detained, he may obtain an order of the court through a writ of ‘habeas corpus’ requiring that he be lawfully charged in court or be released. 2. No person may be subject to slavery or forced labour. However, this is subject to the right of Parliament to make laws providing for compulsory national service. 3. No person can be punished under a law, which was not in force when the alleged crime was committed. Thus, laws against crimes cannot be passed with retrospective effect. 4. A person cannot be tried more than once for the same crime, where he has lready been acquitted or convicted earlier. However, this does not apply where a superior court has quashed the earlier proceeding and ordered a re-trial. 5. All persons are equal before the law and entitled to its protection. 6. Citizens cannot be discriminated against in relation to appointment to any office or employment under a public authority, or in relation to acquisition of property, establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment, merely on grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth. However, this right is subject to Article 153 of the Federal Constitution, which permits the granting of special privileges to bumiputras. 7. Citizens cannot be discriminated against in relation to the providing of education, merely on grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth. This is also subject to Article 153 as stated above. 8. Every person has the right to profess, practice and propagate his own religion. However, as Islam is the religion of the country, restrictions may be placed upon the propagation of other religions among Muslims. 9.No citizen may be banished from the country. However, this right is subject to exceptions whereby the Federal Government is permitted to deprive a person of his citizenship under certain circumstances. 10. Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech, peaceful assembly and association. However, in the interests of security, public order or morality, Parliament may impose certain restrictions. For example, the Sedition Act 1948 provides that it is an offence to question the sovereignty, powers and prerogatives of the rulers and the special position of the Malays.