Functionalism And Its Impact On Society - 1119 Words

In this paper I will explain and argue for Functionalism. Functionalism allows for a scientific approach to the mind-body problem, while maintaining the integrity of mental and physical states and attributing them to the functional roles they play within the bodily system. The main argument for Functionalism is founded on the basis that it fulfills all of the requirements for an effective form of Physicalism. 1. In order for a physicalist argument to be effective: it must account for mental states being defined by their role; allow for mental and functional types to be defined circularly/holistically; and allow mental states to be realized in a multitude of outcomes. Functionalism sufficiently ensures all of these predicates. Functionalism is an adequate form of physicalism. Like other arguments for physicalism, functionalism is based on the notion that everything that exists in reality is physical in form. One of the main distinctions that makes the functionalist approach unique is its method of defining objects. For example, many simple things are defined by what they’re made of, such as gold is simply Au. However more complex things are defined in terms of what their functions are. A heart is defined as an object that pumps blood around an organism’s body, regardless of what it is made of. We cannot define a heart as â€Å"something that is made of organic cardiac muscle, has valves, contracts, etc.† because theoretically, those components could be slapped togetherShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society983 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough functionalism is the more popular perspective, it is not flawless. There are conflicts of interest about the relations between the school and society. The main problem with functionalism is that it tends to emphasize the social needs of society over the individual’s need. Robert Merton, a critic of functionalism comments that â€Å"because many functionalisms have assumed that every social practice and institution must be understood in terms of its adaptive function for the society as a wholeRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesFUNCTIONALISM Functionalism is a theory that aspect stresses the crucial stability and participation within modern society. The social events are clarified by reference to the functions that achieves in allowing constancy within society. The society is related to biological organism in that the whole is seen to be made up of interdependent and unified parts, this assimilation is the result of a general agreement on core values and norms. Over the process of socialisation, we can learn these rulesRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stricter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The worl d works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreSociological Theories and Family Essay examples1662 Words   |  7 Pagestheories are important in understanding how the society operates. In addition, the theories help one understand how people in society relate with each other. The theories have helped understand various social issues in the society and made it easy to develop solutions to the problems. There are different theories that are used to explain how the society operates and how people interact with each other. Examples of the theories include functionalism theories and conflict theory, and interactionismRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. TheyRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pageson how the individual interacts with others, and how others influence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated parts, it’s a social system not just an individual. Each frame work playsRead MoreFunctionalism Vs. Conflict Theory1349 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism vs. Conflict Theory There are four known sociological theories and or theoretical perspective, and they are structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminism. These theories explain various aspects of social life through different perspective (OpenStax College 17). Some of the theories might view social life in a micro perspective, macro perspective or even both and each view might be completely opposing to each other, but it also has its pros and consRead MoreDiscuss the Structural (Ist) Functionalist Perspective in Sociology. (Your Answer Should Focus on the Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalist and Marxist Perspectives)1206 Words   |  5 Pagesimmensely to the structure of society and the understanding of human behaviour in society. It is a based on an analogy between social systems and organic systems and has identified numerous ways which state why social institutions are so important to maintaining order and equilibrium in society. Marxism has also made a val uable impact on the study sociology by emphasising on the nature of conflict present in society and the subsequent impact on individuals. Functionalism, also known as the consensusRead MoreCompare and Contrast of 3 Sociology Theories1162 Words   |  5 PagesSociology is the study of society. Through the centuries, sociologists have tried to provide an explanation as to why and how humans interact with each other on a social basis. Sociologists have divided sociology into two levels, microsociology and macrosociology (Sociology). The level of microsociology studies is on a smaller perspective, as macrosociology is the study of society on a larger analysis. Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict. â€Å"SymbolicRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of An Individual And Their Own Behaviour And The Society1126 Words   |  5 PagesIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES   Sociology studies the lives of an individual and their own behaviour and the society they live in (A. Giddens 2006). There are theoretical perspectives used so that one understands an individual behaviour and the society they live in. The sociological perspectives study each behaviour and how it is linked to the whole society or how the society influence the individual rather. The society is a diverse body and different perspectives is used to understand how they are linked and functioned

English Research Paper - 1622 Words

â€Å"Death in Everyman† Research Paper ENG102_D27: Literature Fall D 2010 Peggy Jean English, ID#3591339 APA Format Title: â€Å"Death in Everyman† Thesis Statement: The message of death in Everyman is associated with the search of the reasoning of life. Outline: Paragraph 1: Introduction and Thesis Statement Paragraphs 2-13: Explains the play, its characters, the author’s interpretation of the play, and the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death. Paragraph 14: Conclusion This paper indentifies the perception of death and the treatment of death of the anonymously written play, Everyman. This play, written in the 15th century, is used as a spiritual message to man from God. The message of death in†¦show more content†¦Through Everyman’s better understandings of these misconceptions in life, he finds the courage and wisdom to not be afraid in the face of death. Everyman eventually realized to have the gift of arriving at God’s paradise, he had to correct his own faults, and while doing so not to rely on anyone else. Everyman’s perception of death changes during the play. In the first scene Everyman is afraid of death. He over analyzes the corrections he needs to make in his life. However, by the end of the play, he leaves Earth with a better heart and heads to God’s paradise, known as heaven. Inner transformation, occurring with the protagonist, becomes impossible because Everyman knows his life is in the face of Death. Throughout the play, the author has Everyman’s friends offer him succor while death is knocking at his door. Having said that, this calls attention to the abandonment of the actions he found to be good in life. Towards the end of the play however, they cannot help him, since he is already heading towards death. Most of the play focuses on the characters, or â€Å"traits†, that cannot be of assistance to Everyman. By â€Å"traits† I mean what each character represents. Everyman is the obvious choice of character to represent every man here on Earth. In doing so, the author obviously wanted a story that the audience members could relate to. As for the other characters,Show MoreRelatedNarcotics - Research Paper in English1059 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"NARCOTICS† Research Paper In English IV Prepared and Submitted by: Adrian R. Rosasià ±a Submitted to: Mrs. Felonila Cortado OUTLINE Narcotics Thesis Statement: Narcotics have valuable medical uses, however, illegal and excessive use of narcotics can endanger people’s lives because of its damaging effects on the mind and body. I. Narcotics Education A. Narcotics B. Kinds of Narcotics C. Characteristics and Medical Uses II. Narcotics Abuse A. CausesRead MoreLearning English For A Long Time949 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Essay I have been studying and learning English for a long time. Obviously, it is true to say that I have a strong passion for learning English. Therefore, I am willing to do and try anything as it helps me to improve my English skills. Fortunately, I took this English 908 class and met Professor Lang who always sympathizes with his students and devotes his time and knowledge to help them produce the highest quality work. This class offered me the ability to be aware of my personalRead MoreReflection Of My English 1102 Course932 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of my English 1102 course throughout the semester I learned many new things from English 1102 class. It was not much fun but I learned some interesting things. For my research, I needed a topic that interests me. I first started to search topics from the chemistry field. I could not find any interesting topics then I came across an article that talks about how robots will take our jobs and every one would be jobless. After reading that article, I was really convinced that robots were badRead MoreQualitative Research Methods986 Words   |  4 Pagescollection, and field notes. Each interview took around sixty minutes. The survey was used to understand respondents’ general education background and select suitable participants for the further qualitative data collection. Interviews asked their English and academic learning situations in Taiwan, the processes of studying in graduate programs, present doctoral learning situations, in and out of class academic (writing) activities, academic (writing) challenges they encountered du ring their academicRead MoreAs my freshman year of college comes to a close, I reflect on my two English courses this year. I600 Words   |  3 Pagesreflect on my two English courses this year. I have learned a lot these last two semester in my english 101 and 102 classes. English 101 focused a lot on different types of papers, while English 102 focused mainly on taking what we learned from a reading and analysing and interpreting of stories and poems we read. Looking back at my high school English days, I believe I had made major improvements in my writing abilities between these two semesters. Personally, I favorited my English 101 class. TheRead MoreThe Course Of English 102 With Professor Lyn Has Negatively My Growth As A Writer And Thinker1007 Words   |  5 Pages The overall course of English 102 with Professor Lyn has impacted my writing and me as an individual. Not only did the course help me improve my writing, but it helped me think of the ideas and norms that we ascribe to in the world as more complex. This portfolio shows how some of the learning objectives of English 102 reflects my growth as a writer and thinker. The papers that are included in this portfolio demonstrate my mastery of the learning objectives of this course. There are first draftsRead MorePsychology Research Paper744 Words   |  3 PagesOld Dominion University majoring in Psychology requires students to have an option of pursuing their dream in different types of writings; for example, English Composition, Introduction to Writing in Business, Education and Social Science, and Introduction to Technical Writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two kinds of English Composition courses at ODU. English 110 is the first course that is required for psychology freshmen or sophomores to take. In this course, students have to pass it with a C or better in orderRead MoreMy General Experience With Assignments For English Class1625 Words   |  7 Pagesassignments for English class was really good. Going into English class I knew that it wouldn’t be to overwhelming for me because I love to write. Whenever I was given an assignment to write about I automatically knew what to write about. I always chose to write about something that was interesting to me which made it very easy to pick a topic. The revision process wasn’t too bad for me either. Although Buchanan always gave us a date for when the rough draft was due and a date for the final paper I alwaysRead MoreThe Instruction Of English Language Learners Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe approaches considered in this paper are founded on the i nstruction of English Language Learners and the difficulties they face with highly important progress tests. The five peer-reviewed articles, in this paper, investigate how changes in language acquisition are measured and how new regulations, in the United States academic standards, affect test practices and test development. The new educational ideals have been developed and put in place to help teachers accomplish the task of content evaluationRead MoreMy Day Of High School886 Words   |  4 Pageschallenging year of English yet, which is fitting because it culminates my last year of high school. In fact, I am writing this piece on my last day of high school. This is one of the last English classes I will ever take. I am not planning on majoring in English in college but I have truly learned to see the beauty of language I use every single day. It may sound clichà ©, but there is nothing more fulfilling than being able to express myself on paper. Thirteen years of English class (twelve excluding

Malaysian Legal System free essay sample

Model Answer 1 Every citizen is protected under the Federal Constitution which entrenches certain ‘fundamental liberties’. In this context, explain what is meant by ‘fundamental liberties’ and state the main liberties so entrenched in the Federal Constitution. (10 marks) (This question tests the candidates’ knowledge on ‘fundamental liberties’ as provided for in the Federal Constitution. ) The phrase, ‘Fundamental Liberties’, refers to certain rights, which may be considered as basic and essential to ensure the freedom of the individual.These rights are stated in the Federal Constitution and are said to be entrenched or enshrined because these rights cannot be altered or taken away altogether unless the Constitution itself is amended. This would be quite difficult as it requires a majority of two thirds of all the members of Parliament. The main liberties so entrenched in the Federal Constitution are as follows: 1. No person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysian Legal System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means that the individual cannot be unlawfully imprisoned or put to death. Where the individual is unlawfully detained, he may obtain an order of the court through a writ of ‘habeas corpus’ requiring that he be lawfully charged in court or be released. 2. No person may be subject to slavery or forced labour. However, this is subject to the right of Parliament to make laws providing for compulsory national service. 3. No person can be punished under a law, which was not in force when the alleged crime was committed. Thus, laws against crimes cannot be passed with retrospective effect. 4. A person cannot be tried more than once for the same crime, where he has lready been acquitted or convicted earlier. However, this does not apply where a superior court has quashed the earlier proceeding and ordered a re-trial. 5. All persons are equal before the law and entitled to its protection. 6. Citizens cannot be discriminated against in relation to appointment to any office or employment under a public authority, or in relation to acquisition of property, establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment, merely on grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth. However, this right is subject to Article 153 of the Federal Constitution, which permits the granting of special privileges to bumiputras. 7. Citizens cannot be discriminated against in relation to the providing of education, merely on grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth. This is also subject to Article 153 as stated above. 8. Every person has the right to profess, practice and propagate his own religion. However, as Islam is the religion of the country, restrictions may be placed upon the propagation of other religions among Muslims. 9.No citizen may be banished from the country. However, this right is subject to exceptions whereby the Federal Government is permitted to deprive a person of his citizenship under certain circumstances. 10. Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech, peaceful assembly and association. However, in the interests of security, public order or morality, Parliament may impose certain restrictions. For example, the Sedition Act 1948 provides that it is an offence to question the sovereignty, powers and prerogatives of the rulers and the special position of the Malays.

Wrigleys Innovation in Chinas Confectionary Market

The Role of Product Innovation for Wrigley’s in the Asian Market Wrigley is operating in a highly competitive market. Although it stands out as the most innovative firm and the market leader in this industry, other players are posing real threat to its progress in this market. For this reason therefore, product innovation is the only way through which this firm can manage the competition. Product innovation plays a very important role to Wrigley in the Asian markets.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wrigley’s Innovation in China’s Confectionary Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When Wrigley ventured into the Chinese market, it realized that even though there was a market gap that it could easily fit in, especially given the large population in this country, there were other local firms that had mastered the art of trade in this industry and carefully guarded their market share. There wa s only one way of managing market competition and standing out as the firm to beat in this market. Given the attractive population of this region, this firm realized that it had to be one of the leading firms in order to reap maximally in this market. Product innovation therefore had a pivotal role in the strategy of this firm to capture new markets. The Asian market is very huge. China alone is home to about 1.3 billion people, which is five times that of the United States. However, not everyone appreciates the confectionaries that are manufactured by Wrigley’s. For instance, chocolate had not been popular among the Chinese and countries in this region as it is in America and parts of Europe. For this reason therefore, the firm had the responsibility to make this product attractive. Product innovation has therefore been so important in creating market where it never existed before. This innovation is also important in ensuring that Wrigley’s remain ahead of other comp etitors. Analysis of Wrigley’s Products and Innovations on the Basis of their Newness to the Company and the Market Wrigley’s innovativeness can be traced back to its inception in the late 1890s. The founder of this company, William Wrigley Jr. was a very innovative man. At an age of 29, he started a business of selling soaps. With the need to ensure that the sales of his soaps grow, it introduced an incentive of backing powder to its attractive customers. He had to look for a different incentive and decided on chewing gum as the incentive. He was keen to realize that chewing gum had even greater potential and soon switched to manufacturing of chewing gum. Through innovation, the soap seller soon transformed to be a chewing gum manufacturer. This has been the trend of this firm.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Types of New Products Since those early years of i ts inception, Wrigley maintained innovation by producing new products quite often. Initially, it was selling soaps. Its first new product was baking powder. This new product was not new to the market. There were many other business units actively selling this product in the market. However, this product was completely new to the firm. When the firm started selling chewing gum, the product was new to the firm, but not to the market because there were other firms producing the same. However, when the firm selected this industry as its preferred line of business, it started producing new brands of the chewing gum like Lotta, Vassar, and Spearmint. These products were new, both to the firm and to the market. The firm has continued to introduce more brands new to the firm and to business. Such products as Juicy Fruit Gum, Freedent and Big Red were a big success in the market because they were new to the market, just as they were to the firm. Winterfresh, Airwave Honey, Lemon, and Juicy F ruits were similarly new products that were very successful. These products were new to the firm and to the market. Implications of Repositioning from Existing Markets to New Markets Product repositioning can be as successful as it can be dangerous. Repositioning a product in the market may be very important, especially when the current image is not very attractive. Wrigley’s has moved from the American market to the Chinese market. These two markets are completely different. The socio-cultural factors that influence buying behavior of the Chinese markets are very different from that in the United States. Product positioning of this firm in China should be made different from the way it is done in the United States. This is exactly what this firm has done, especially in the markets in China, Taiwan and other countries in this region. While the American markets were receptive to the chocolate, the Chinese markets were more receptive to the sugar products. This firm therefore r ealized that it had to reposition its products to reflect the local requirements in China. The implication of this move was a huge sale in the Chinese markets. The products gained acceptance in the local market as the products meet their requirement of the locals. It was viewed as a local product with the potential to meet local needs. However, upon a careful review of the market, this firm realized that the Chinese market was changing its opinion on chocolates. It therefore changed the strategy. It developed a new line of products that were sensitive to the changing market needs and repositioned them to reflect this change. As a result, Wrigley’s has managed to remain the dominant firm in this market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wrigley’s Innovation in China’s Confectionary Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Implications of Developing and Launching Incremental Innovations The firm has come to realize that the market is very competitive and as stated above, has embraced innovation and creativity. The implication of this is evidenced in both the US markets and the market in China. By developing and launching incremental innovation, this firm has been in a position to keep its market lead. It has managed to stay ahead of competition. It has continued to offer the market new products that satisfy their needs in a better way. For this reason, it has retained a pool of loyal customers, making them blind to the products of the competitors. Incremental innovation to their existing products has turned some of the customers into evangelists, making this firm even stronger in the Chinese market. This strategy has also enabled the existing products have a longer life cycle in the market, making them more profitable to the firm. Implications of Developing and Launching ‘really new’ innovations Developing and launching of ‘really innovations has also ha d a positive implication to Wrigley’s in this new market. When this firm started to develop the chewing gums, it was a completely new market. Although it was new to the firm and the prospects of success was based on chance, the firm managed to penetrate the market with this new products and this has landed it its current position as the leading manufacturer of the confectionaries in the world. The new products created new markets that have remained very loyal to the firm hence its main strength. The Extent to Which Wrigley’s Innovation Strategy Has Been a Success in China Wrigley’s in China is a success story given the growth in the market share. Wrigley considered the Chinese market as the most attractive after the US market. Given the fact that the market was still growing, Wrigley considered it even more attractive. However, it had to maintain its innovative strategy in order to be a success in this market. Because of the innovative strategy of this firm, the market share of this firm has grown from about 46 percent in 2001, to over 80 percent in 2005. This growth is estimated to increase within the coming years due to the innovation strategy of this firm within this market. Currently, Wrigley’s is considered as the leader in retail penetration in this industry and in consumer goods in general in China. The firm has managed to reach a 2.2 million distribution points within the country. The distribution of Wrigley was estimated to cover over 300 cities in China alone. This is estimated to be about 90 percent retail penetration. Wrigley’s continuous innovation has made the firm sustain strong consumer preference.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opportunities and Challenges Faced by Wrigley The path taken by Wrigley’s has been marred by opportunities and threats in equal measure. The firm’s strengths and weaknesses have played off to make the firm reach its current market position. To analyze carefully the opportunities and threats of this firm, a SWOT analysis would be used to examine the internal and external environments of this firm. External Environment Within the external environment, the firm has met a number of opportunities that has made it reach its current glorious position. The first opportunity that availed itself to this firm was the apparent gap that existed in China in the Confectionary market. The firm made good use of this opportunity and has firmly established itself in this market. Another very strong opportunity that availed itself to this firm was the size of the market in China. The market was five times larger than the US market. This implied that it had a larger potential for this firm . The emerging markets and submarkets in this region were also making the region potential as a market of this firm. The firm was quick to meet the unmet needs of this market at good time, hence its success. However, the firm also faced some potential challenges that hampered its growth within the Chinese market. There is a considerably competition in this market. There are firms producing products that are close substitutes of the products of Wrigley’s. They pose potential threat in the market for this market. There is no barrier to market entry, making this market open to competitors. This therefore means that there is a possibility of new entrants into this market that can pose further threat to this firm. Internal Environment The main strength of this firm is its innovativeness. This has enabled it protect its market share in this region. The firm has developed a very strong brand name in the market that has increased its profitability. However, some weaknesses of this fi rm have made it lose a portion of its market share. Failure of some of its products has caused the firm both financially and in relation to time. Innovation Strategy for the Next 5-10 Years To be in a position to manage market competition for the next five to ten years, the firm must retain its innovativeness within this industry. It must be in a position to maintain the satisfaction of the customers in the market through development of new products in the market. The existing products should also be developed to extend their life cycle in the market. Above all, the firm should always be sensitive to the needs of the market and respond to the changes in tastes and preferences of customers. New Product Development to Capture a Segment of the Market The market is getting increasingly fierce. More players are coming in with new strategies in the market and Wrigley’s must develop a strategy that would enable sustain itself within this market. Based on opportunities and threats in this industry within China, this firm must consider diversifying its products to go beyond the gum products. The chewing gums are very profitable and they have defined the firm’s position in the market. However, many firms are coming up with similar products, making it very difficult for the firm to maintain one line of production. The Chinese are getting increasingly conscious about their health. They currently prefer products that have been approved as health sensitive. The firm must therefore consider producing products that are sugar free as many health experts have argued that sugary products are not good to health. The firm should develop sugar free gum and target the middle class market within this country. This market segment is very sensitive on issues pertaining to their health. Although they value the chewing gums, they put more emphasis on their health other than on the product. This report on Wrigley’s Innovation in China’s Confectionary Market was written and submitted by user Grace Stevens to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Funny Fathers Day Quotes to Make Dad Smile

Funny Father's Day Quotes to Make Dad Smile We celebrate Fathers Day to honor our fathers. Laughter is an excellent gift. Get your father to laugh with one of these chuckle-worthy funny Fathers Day quotes: Bob Monkhouse My father only hit me once - but he used a Volvo. Robert Orben Life was a lot simpler when what we honored was father and mother rather than all major credit cards. Ann Richards I have always had the feeling I could do anything, and my dad told me I could. I was in college before I found out he might be wrong. Jay Leno A lot of controversy over this possible invasion of Iraq. In fact, Nelson Mandela was so upset, he called Bushs dad. How embarrassing, when world leaders start calling your father. Barbara Kingsolver It kills you to see them grow up. But I guess it would kill you quicker if they didnt. Jimmy Piersall Spread the diaper in the position of the diamond with you at bat. Then, fold second base down to home and set the baby on the pitchers mound. Put first base and third together, bring up home plate and pin the three together. Of course, in case of rain, you gotta call the game and start all over again. Bertrand Russell The place of the father in the modern suburban family is a very small one, particularly if he plays golf. Brad Pitt Man, if I can get a burp out of that little thing I feel such a sense of accomplishment. Ernest Hemingway To be a successful father theres one absolute rule: when you have a kid, dont look at it for the first two years. Gabriel Garcia Marquez A man knows when he is growing old because he begins to look like his father. Tim Russert The older I get, the smarter my father seems to get. Mark Twain When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years. Bill Hicks I never got along with my dad. Kids used to come up to me and say, My dad can beat up your dad. Id say, Yeah? When? Jack Handy Dad always thought laughter was the best medicine, which I guess is why several of us died of tuberculosis. Alice Roosevelt Longworth My father always wanted to be the corpse at every funeral, the bride at every wedding, and the baby at every christening. Donald Trump I love producing children. Its fun! I dont like taking care of children, but I love producing children. Jerry Seinfeld There is no such thing as fun for the whole family. Patrick Dempsey Heres the cycle: They wake up, they cry, they go to the breast, they eat, they poo or pee, you change a diaper, and they go back to sleep. Its much harder for my wife than for me because shes pumping or nursing. Lionel Richie Forget about surviving 40 years in the music business. Just surviving 27 years of Nicole Richie has been a struggle-and-a-half, I want to tell you. I stand here as a survivor, I want you to know, for all the parents out there. Chris Martin Men should always change diapers. Its a very rewarding experience. Its mentally cleansing. Its like washing dishes, but imagine if the dishes were your kids, so you really love the dishes. Bill Cosby My father confused me. From the ages of one to seven, I thought my name was Jesus Christ!

Substance Abuse Adolescent Issues and Interventions

Substance Abuse Adolescent Issues and Interventions Abstract This paper has been aimed at discussing the problem of substance abuse among adolescents. In particular, it focuses on the factors that lead to dependence on drugs on alcohol, for instance, peer-pressure, low self-esteem, family problems, experiences of sexual abuse, and so forth. The proposed interventions include the following measures: 1) regular communication with both parents; 2) paying more attention to the friends of a teenager; 3) limiting the access to money; 4) organizing extra curriculum activities for teenagers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Adolescent Issues and Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Substance abuse among adolescents is the problem that requires the joint effort of parents, teachers, and social workers. It can affect families that have various social, racial, or economic characteristics and no one can say that he or she is insured against this risk. This paper is aimed at discussing the factors that contribute to substance abuse among teenagers. Moreover, it is necessary to propose interventions that can prevent adolescents from experimenting with drugs or drinking alcohol. The development of substance abuse The development of substance abuse among adolescents can be explained in different ways. The researchers point out that more than 40 percent of teenagers begin to take drugs or drink alcohol in the company of their peers (Ahmad, Khalique, Khan, 2009, p. 401). These people may believe that drug use is a sign of belonging to the group. As a rule, they do not want to criticize the behavior of their peers who may believe that drugs and alcohol are acceptable. In their opinion, the rejection of group values can make them outcasts. An adolescent, who has a strong attachment to the group, can abuse substance either to acquire new experiences or in effort to impress his or her friends (Ramirez et al, 2012, p. 39). Thus, peer pressure is one way to explain this problem. Certainly, peer pressure can also be a positive force, especially when a teenager’s friends lead a healthy lifestyle and do not approve of alcohol or drug abuse. This is the first issue that parents and teachers should take into account. Secondly, one should remember that this behavior can be caused by some problems within the family. Chassin and Handley believe, teenagers can resort to alcohol and drugs when they do not feel the emotional support and encouragement of parents (2006, p. 136). For them, substance abuse becomes a substitute for normal family relations. Such behavior is more typical of teenagers suffering from domestic violence (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Additionally, one should remember that remember that for many teenagers attempt to raise their perceived status and self-esteem by drinking alcoholic beverages or using substances (Ahmad, Khalique, Khan, 2009, p. 401). In their opinion, this behavior signifies adulthood and independence.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certainly, this assumption is false but this is how many of them believe. Thus, this problem can be related to the way in which adolescents perceive themselves. These examples suggest that there are different paths that lead to substance abuse problems and intervention should account for various possibilities. Risk factors related to substance abuse Overall, researchers single out several characteristics of adolescents that may take drugs, namely, low self-esteem, psychological distress, lack of meaningful relations with parents, or contacts with people, usually peers who abuse drugs (Newcomb, 1986, p. 525). These teenagers believe that only peers can offer them help or encouragement. Usually, this belief is not justified, but it is very strong. However, there are other important indicators that should not be overl ooked. For example, statistical evidence suggests that teenagers, who suffered sexual or physical abuse, tend to drink alcohol or use drugs much earlier that their peers (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). These adolescents cannot give vent to their feelings, and they view drugs or alcohol as the only solution available to them. Additionally, one should remember about such a factor as the structure of the family. A teenager growing up in a two-family household is less likely to get addicted to alcohol or drugs (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Surely, one cannot assume that adolescents from single-parent families are always prone to drug abuse or alcohol consumption. However, it is easier for teenagers to cope with stress when they can communicate with both parents. Parenting style can either increase or decrease the likelihood of substance abuse among teenagers. Over-permissiveness is strongly correlated with alcohol consumption (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 2). For example, adolescents are more likel y to use drugs if their parents give them unlimited access to money (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). Yet, authoritarian parenting can also lead to substance abuse. So, parents should find a balance between control over their children and permissiveness. The risk factors that have been discussed cannot be applied to every case of substance abuse among adolescents; yet, they are very widespread. Therefore, educators should pay more attention to the needs of these teenagers, because they are more exposed to the risk of substance abuse. The influence of addiction on self-identity Drug abuse and subsequent addiction affects the self-identity of teenagers. In part, this influence can be explained with the help of social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura. It postulates that an individual learns behavioral norms by observing those people who are close to him or her (Wodarski, 1990, 670). A teenager, who wants to appear stronger or more independent, may emulate the habits of older peers and these people may abuse drugs or alcohol (Wodarski, 1990, 670).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Adolescent Issues and Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, one should not forget that mass media, especially television are full of images suggesting alcohol consumption is acceptable for adults. Thus, this person begins to think that substance is an attribute of adulthood. Such teenagers may believe that they are strong, self-sufficient, and independent of their parents. However, later they are not able to perceive themselves in this way. They understand that they have become addicted to drugs or alcohol. They see that they do not have any control over the situation. The awareness of this fact can lead to low self-esteem and feeling of worthlessness. Thus, it is possible to argue that addiction distorts the self-identity of an individual. At first, it creates an illu sion of power or independence, but eventually results into the feeling of helplessness. These are the main effects of addiction on the self-identity of a teenager. Interventions There are several interventions that can reduce the risk of substance abuse among adolescent. First of all, parents should remember that regular communication with both parents reduces the risk of deviant behavior, including drug abuse (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Thus, parents should make sure that they can talk to a child at least once a day. Divorced parents should not prevent one another from seeing a child. A teenager should know that he or she can rely on other members of the family. As a result, this person will not feel the need to use drugs and seek the support of peers. Secondly, parents should learn more about the friends of their children. For example, they should know how they spend time, and what they are interested in. By doing so, parents can determine whether their children’s friends h ave a good or bad influence over them. This is why parents should not prohibit their children from inviting their friends to the house. Moreover, parents can even occasionally organize small parties for them. In this way, they learn much more about the friends of their children. The third intervention that researchers recommend is to limit a teenager’s access to money (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). The findings suggest that uncontrolled access to money at the age of 13 or 14 increases the probability of drug use (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). Thus, parents should be attentive to how their children spend money. Certainly, people cannot always know for what kind of purposes their children need money. However, they should be very careful when a child asks for extra cash because this cash can be needed for drugs or alcohol.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In turn, teachers should encourage children’s participation in school life when it is possible. Special attention should be paid to extra curriculum activities because a student, who has certain interests or goals, will be less attracted to alcohol and drugs. For example, schools can establish study groups for children who may be interested in different subjects like biology, chemistry, mathematics, and so forth. In this way, they can divert adolescents’ attention from drugs. Additionally, they should be very attentive to academic performance of students. The thing is that poor grades and continuous absence from school may indicate at some emotional problems or even substance abuse. At any rate, parents should be warned about these issues as soon as possible. Conclusion On the whole, drug abuse and alcohol consumption are the problems that can affect the life of almost any family irrespective of its income level, ethnic origins , or education background. The examples d iscussed in this paper suggest that teenagers are torn between their need for independence and the need for support. The proposed intervention are premised on the idea that the child, who feels the support of parents and who has some interests, is less interested in alcohol or drugs because they create no value for him or her. Moreover, this adolescent will be more resistant to peer pressure. Reference List Ahmad, A., Khalique, N., Khan, Z. (2009). Analysis of Substance Abuse in Male Adolescents. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 19(4), 399-403. Caple, C., Schub, T. (2012). Substance Abuse in Adolescence: Risk/Protective Factors. CINAHL Nursing Guide, 1-2. Chassin, L., Handley, E. D. (2006). Parents and Families as Contexts for the Development of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders. Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 135. McCrystal, P., Percy, A., Higgins, K. (2007). The cost of drug use in adolescence: Young people, money and substance abuse. Drugs: Education, Prevent ion Policy, 14(1), 19-28. Newcomb, M. M. (1986). Risk Factors for Drug Use among Adolescents: Concurrent and Longitudinal Analyses. American Journal Of Public Health, 76(5), 525-540. Ramirez, R., Hinman, A., Sterling, S., Weisner, C., Campbell, C. (2012). Peer Influences on Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Use Outcomes. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 44(1), 36-44. Wodarski, J. S. (1990). Adolescent substance abuse: Practice implications.  Adolescence, 25(99), 667-688.

International Dispute Settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Dispute Settlement - Essay Example This paper will even focus on the difference between municipal courts and methods for settling international disputes. Body Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR is an umbrella term used for various methods used to settle disputes in the international arena (August, 2009). These methods are used when two international parties end up disagreeing with each other; these methods are used when parties want to solve the dispute without going to courts. There are various advantages and disadvantages associated with this sort of dispute settlement process. International parties resort to this sort of dispute settlement because this method saves money. When dispute cases are taken to courts, a lot of cost is involved. These costs include: fees for hiring and deploying a lawyer, fees of creating and obtaining documentation and court fees. When ADR is used as a method to resolve dispute, cost of hiring lawyers and court fees is eradicated. This method is best for those parties who are in a conflic t in which too much money is not involved. When cases go to municipal courts, the cases catch the eyes of the public and media. Due to this the positive impression of good companies that trade internationally is hampered. This benefit of ADR secures the privacy of the parties involved and due to this method; companies do not have to be held accountable for sharing their private information with the public. Disputes that are taken to the court experience heavy amount of wastage of time, it takes years to settle a dispute in courts. In case of ADR, disputes end up being solved in as low as two to three weeks time period. The time period spend on solving a dispute through ADR is dependant on how soon parties are ready to sit with a panelist to resolve the conflict. Hen disputes are settled in courts, the entire process is controlled by the supreme one that is the judge. In ADR the parties have certain control over the process selection and selection of the panelist which is conducted a fter reviewing a list of experienced panelist. The main advantage of this type of dispute settlement is that this method can lead to a win situation for both the parties; this feature of ADR is rarely present in municipal court cases (August, 2009). There are several upsides of resolving dispute through ADR, but this method is not short of downsides. One of the major downsides of ADR is that it is not enforceable by law, this means that the parties have a free will whether to abide by the resolution or not. On the other hand, disputes resolved in the court of law are enforced and the law ensures that the parties involved abide by the decision. Secondly, equally justice may not take place because the stronger party may be able to direct the resolution in his favor which will result in a loss for the other party. The panelist of ADR might not have expertise equal to the expertise of a judge; therefore he/she might not be able to resolve the conflict in a highly professional manner (Au gust, 2009). International Tribunals ADR is a dispute solving method which is not processed under legal circumstances; on the other hand there are ways through which international problems can be resolved through judiciary procedures. These methods are recognized as international tribunals, there are various such courts including the WTO and the ICJ. The advantages of such tribunals are that